A Systematic Exploration of Macrocyclization in Apelin-13: Impact on Binding, Signaling, Stability, and Cardiovascular Effects

J Med Chem. 2018 Mar 22;61(6):2266-2277. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01353. Epub 2018 Feb 26.

Abstract

The apelin receptor generates increasing interest as a potential target across several cardiovascular indications. However, the short half-life of its cognate ligands, the apelin peptides, is a limiting factor for pharmacological use. In this study, we systematically explored each position of apelin-13 to find the best position to cyclize the peptide, with the goal to improve its stability while optimizing its binding affinity and signaling profile. Macrocyclic analogues showed a remarkably higher stability in rat plasma (half-life >3 h versus 24 min for Pyr-apelin-13), accompanied by improved affinity (analogue 15, Ki 0.15 nM and t1/2 6.8 h). Several compounds displayed higher inotropic effects ex vivo in the Langendorff isolated heart model in rats (analogues 13 and 15, maximum response at 0.003 nM versus 0.03 nM of apelin-13). In conclusion, this study provides stable and active compounds to better characterize the pharmacology of the apelinergic system.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Azetidines / chemical synthesis*
  • Azetidines / pharmacokinetics
  • Brain / diagnostic imaging
  • Brain / enzymology
  • Brain / metabolism
  • Carbon Radioisotopes
  • Fluorine Radioisotopes
  • Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / chemical synthesis*
  • Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / pharmacokinetics
  • Macaca mulatta
  • Male
  • Mice
  • Monoacylglycerol Lipases / chemistry*
  • Positron-Emission Tomography / methods*
  • Radioactive Tracers
  • Radiopharmaceuticals / chemical synthesis*
  • Radiopharmaceuticals / pharmacokinetics
  • Rats, Sprague-Dawley
  • Substrate Specificity
  • Tissue Distribution

Substances

  • Azetidines
  • Carbon Radioisotopes
  • Fluorine Radioisotopes
  • Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
  • Radioactive Tracers
  • Radiopharmaceuticals
  • apelin-13 peptide
  • Monoacylglycerol Lipases